Catalog#/Size：AC52378/100 μg

Source：Escherichia coli. 

Molecular Weight：Approximately14 kDa, a single non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 128 amino acids. 

Description：Accession # P04141.1, Ala18-Glu144, with an N terminal Ser.

SDS-PAGE：14 kDa, under reducing conditions 

Purity：> 95 %, as determined by SDS-PAGE, under reducing non-reducing conditions, visualized by coomassie staining.

Endotoxin：Less than 0.01 EU/μg of rHuGM-CSF as determined by kinetic Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay.

Biological Activity：Recombinant human GM-CSF bioactivity is measured by TF-1 human erythroleukemic cells, the EC50 for this effect is 0.02988 to 0.05326 ng/mL.

Physical Appearance:Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.

Formulation:Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose.

Reconstitution:We recommend that this vial be briefly centrifuged prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Reconstitute to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL in sterile distilled H2O. Stock solutions should be apportioned into working aliquots and stored at-20 ℃ to -70 ℃. Further dilutions should be made in appropriate buffered solutions. Do not reconstitute in cell culture media directly.

Shipping:The product is shipped at 2 °C to 8 ° C. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.

Stability & Storage:Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

                      A minimum of 12 months from date of shipping when stored at -20℃ to -70℃ as supplied.

                      4 weeks at 2 ℃ to 8 ℃ under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

                      4 months at -20 ℃ to -70 ℃ under sterile conditions after reconstitution

Usage:Acnovia rHuGM-CSF product can be used for a variety of ex vivo cell culture applications such as research or further manufacturing.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was identified in the 1960s as a myeloid growth factor, purified in the 1970s, molecularly-cloned in the 1980s, and clinically developed in the 1990s ⁽¹⁾. GM-CSF is produced by multiple cell types such as activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, monocytes, mast cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. GM-CSF receptor is composed of one α chain and one β chain with low and high-affinity binding to GM-CSF, respectively, and the β chain is shared with IL-3 and IL-5 receptor ⁽²⁾. In addition, the GM-CSF receptor (CSF2R) is found in myeloid cells and some non-hematopoietic cells, but it is not expressed by lymphoid cells such as T cells.There are four main signaling pathways triggered by CSF2R⁽³⁾. After binding of GM-CSF to its receptor, Janus-kinase-2 (JAK-2) is recruited to the cytoplasmic domain of the β chain, and activation of JAK-2 occurs, which subsequently induces STAT-5 phosphorylation. This signaling pathway induces migration of STAT-5 dimers to the nucleus and promotes the transcription of various genes such as pim-1 and CIS to induce cell differentiation.

In addition to the important role of GM-CSF as a colony-stimulating factor and its clinical application following chemo/radiotherapy to restore myeloid populations in leukemic patients, several studies suggest that GM-CSF plays a role in innate and adaptive immunity. Accumulating evidence indicates the role of this molecule in inflammatory immune response and autoimmunity.

1. Burgess AW, Metcalf D. The nature and action of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors. Blood. (1980); 56:947–58.

2. Hansen G, Hercus TR, McClure BJ, Stomski FC, Dottore M, Powell J, et al.. The structure of the GM-CSF receptor complex reveals a distinct mode of cytokine receptor activation. Cell. (2008) 134:496–507.

3. van de Laar L, Coffer PJ, Woltman AM. Regulation of dendritic cell development by GM-CSF: molecular control and implications for immune homeostasis and therapy. Blood. (2012) 119:3383–93. 10.1182/blood-2011-11-370130.